Python Exceptions
It’s important to have a way to handle errors.
Python gives us exception handling.
If you wrap lines of code into a try:
block:
try:
# some lines of code
If an error occurs, Python will alert you and you can determine which kind of error occurred using a except
blocks:
try:
# some lines of code
except <ERROR1>:
# handler <ERROR1>
except <ERROR2>:
# handler <ERROR2>
To catch all exceptions you can use except
without any error type:
try:
# some lines of code
except <ERROR1>:
# handler <ERROR1>
except:
# catch all other exceptions
The else
block is ran if no exceptions were found:
try:
# some lines of code
except <ERROR1>:
# handler <ERROR1>
except <ERROR2>:
# handler <ERROR2>
else:
# no exceptions were raised, the code ran successfully
A finally
block lets you perform some operation in any case, regardless if an error occurred or not
try:
# some lines of code
except <ERROR1>:
# handler <ERROR1>
except <ERROR2>:
# handler <ERROR2>
else:
# no exceptions were raised, the code ran successfully
finally:
# do something in any case
The specific error that’s going to occur depends on the operation you’re performing.
For example if you are reading a file, you might get an EOFError
. If you divide a number by zero you will get a ZeroDivisionError
. If you have a type conversion issue you might get a TypeError
.
Try this code:
result = 2 / 0
print(result)
The program will terminate with an error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 1, in <module>
result = 2 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
and the lines of code after the error will not be executed.
Adding that operation in a try:
block lets us recover gracefully and move on with the program:
try:
result = 2 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Cannot divide by zero!')
finally:
result = 1
print(result) # 1
You can raise exceptions in your own code, too, using the raise
statement:
raise Exception('An error occurred!')
This raises a general exception, and you can intercept it using:
try:
raise Exception('An error occurred!')
except Exception as error:
print(error)
You can also define your own exception class, extending from Exception:
class DogNotFoundException(Exception):
pass
pass
here means “nothing” and we must use it when we define a class without methods, or a function without code, too.
try:
raise DogNotFoundException()
except DogNotFoundException:
print('Dog not found!')
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